<p>The Bishop B. Blackwell House  is a historic house located at 110 Parshley Street, off USA 129 in Live Oak, Florida. It was completed circa 1887 by banker and state legislator Bishop Bascom Blackwell. It is believed to be the oldest exiting brick house in North Florida and moved to its present location in 1910 to make way for the Live Oak Post Office next door.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house, which was built in 1886, is unusual in comparison to other local houses of the same period due to its brick veneer and single side hall plan. The urban character of the house was originally more subtle, with a two-story veranda that surrounded it on all sides. The veranda was demolished when the house was moved back from the street, and was subsequently replaced with a front porch.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Hacienda Hotel is a historic site in New Port Richey, Florida. It is located at 5621 Main Street. On October 24, 1996, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It was designed by Thomas Reed Martin.</p><br>
<p>The hotel originally opened in 1927. The city of New Port Richey bought the building in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Hacienda opened as a hotel again when it reopened on September 15, 2022. The hotel features a full-service restaurant and bar, Sasha&#39;s On the Park.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. Howard B. Jeffries House is a historic house in Zephyrhills, Florida, United States. It is located in the Zephyrhills Downtown Historic District at 38537 5th Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>On November 29, 1995, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The house was built in 1911, enlarged in the 1920s and 1940, and was the home of city founder, Captain Jeffries. Jeffries served in the Union army and established Zephyrhills as a retirement area for old Union soldiers. (Unfortunately, the 1995 application to add this site to the National Register of Historic Places incorrectly gave his first name as Harold. The National Register has corrected the listing, but the error persists on the Internet.</p><br>
<p>The Olympia School, also known as the Picture City School, the Hobe Sound White School, the Apollo Street School and now the Apollo School, is an historic two-room elementary school building located at 9141 Southeast Apollo Street in Hobe Sound, Martin County, Florida. On December 20, 2002, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The school closed in 1963 upon the opening of the Hobe Sound Elementary School on Gomez Avenue. It was constructed in 1924, according to a Martin County Historical Society Marker. The building is in the process of being restored by the Apollo School Foundation, Inc.</p><br>
<p>The Kansas City Live Stock Exchange building was the headquarters of the former historic Kansas City Stockyards. It is located at 1600 Gennesse in Kansas City, Missouri, in the West Bottoms. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places and is owned by Bill Haw.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Construction began in 1909 and was completed in 1911, as the largest livestock exchange building in the world. In 1957, a one-story addition was constructed on the south side for the Golden Ox restaurant which had opened in 1949.</p><br>
<p>The building has been renovated as offices with many business and personal services, including a coffee shop with breakfast and lunch, a barber salon, and a health club with masseuse. Its USA Post Office closed in December 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Krueger House is a historic house in Stuart, Martin County, Florida. It is located on the grounds of the historic Burn Brae Plantation. On February 14, 2002, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Albert Rudolph Emil Krueger, a Berlin native who initially immigrated to New York City, moved southward in 1887 and began growing pineapples and oranges. He bought the 80 acre property in Stuart the 1890 and established the Burn Brae pineapple plantation. Burn Brae in scottish, means house on the hill by the water. The name derived from his wife Annie&#39;s Scottish heritage.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, he built his grand frame vernacular estate on the plantation grounds along a creek that meandered inland from the St. Lucie River. The creek (today called the Krueger Creek) was dredged to allow the transfer of supplies to his pineapple and citrus farms.</p><br>
<p>Krueger married Annie Donaldson Kincaid Speirs in 1893, and by 1897 had three sons and one daughter needing a bigger home. Contractor Henry Klopp began construction on a two-story grand home in October 1903 and the family moved into the completed home in mid-February 1904. The house features four bedrooms, a large attic room with handmade trusses, and is built with Florida pine.</p><br>
<p>The house was restored by Bill and Anne Krueger Stimmell from 1997 to 2002.</p><br>
<p>The George F. Allison House is a historic house located at 418 West Duval Street in Live Oak, Florida, United States. It is locally significant as the home of George F. Allison, who was a pioneering Live Oak businessman during the city&#39;s formative commercial years as well as being a fine example of Colonial Revival architecture in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Although the actual construction date and builder of the house are not known, the house is shown on a 1903 Sanborn Insurance map. The large, two-story, Colonial Revival style house was given its present appearance when it was remodeled in 1927 after 40% of the rear was damaged by a fire on New Years Day. Since then, however, very little about the house or the surrounding lot has changed. On April 20, 1995, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Florida Pioneer Museum is a historic site in Florida City, Florida, United States. It was founded in 1962 with the donation of Indian artifacts by Dr. Herbert S. Zim and tools by a group of civic minded women. On August 14, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Museums building is located in the old Homestead Florida East Coast Railroad station agents home that was built in 1904. The house was moved to the current location in the mid-1960s to serve as a museum about the local area. The land the building sits on was donated by Henry and Jacqueline Brooker. Henry was an early settler, homesteading west of the present city of Florida City in 1907. His wife, Jacqueline, was the daughter of Bryan H. Edwards, an early mayor of Florida City. The depot building behind the museum was saved by Jack Levy and other local history buffs as the bulldozers were starting to tear it down where it was originally located on N. Flagler Ave. in Homestead. The FEC and the City of Homestead had gotten into an argument over grounds maintenance so the FEC proceeded to demolish the building. It was then moved to its present site in Florida City in 1976, on land donated by the Torcise family. The building was leveled to the platform by Hurricane Andrew in 1992, and the Museum aided in the reconstruction of the building by supplying copies of the original drawings from the Florida East Coast Railway. The Depot is not part of the Museum; it is owned by the City of Florida City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Florida East Coast Railway erected two bungalow buildings that were constructed in 1904 as the first buildings in the City of Homestead. Both building were residential, and were built for the section foremen and station agent. The homes were built two years before construction began by the Florida East Coast Railway in the area. Henry M. Flagler, an early settler of South Florida, designed the homes in the Philippine style to be well-suited for the South Florida climate.</p><br>
<p>On February 6, 1964, the house was moved to Florida City to land that was donated by Henry and Jackie Brooker Jr. Henry&#39;s father was one of the three men who first took residence in Florida City in 1911-1912. This move ensured the continued existence of the structure as it became the home of the Florida Pioneer Museum.</p><br>
<p>The community identified a need for a center to house a growing collection of local artifacts, and through the assistance of the Homestead Women&#39;s Club, the Pioneer Museum was created in this structure. Louise Hamilton was the founding president of the Pioneer Museum with Bea Peskoe as Vice President until they stepped down in 1970. The collection housed in the museum started with a donation from Herbert S. Zim, author of the Golden Nature Guides, of Native American artifacts. Other donors provided archaeological relics, shells, pioneer tools and implements, railroad memorabilia, household items, and other items owned and used by various local pioneer families. On August 14, 1973, the structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, after years of allowing the dilapidation of the train depot on the original Homestead property, the Florida East Coast Railway planned a demolition of the depot. A group of local leaders raised $25,000 to stop the demolition and move the depot to the property behind the Florida Pioneer Museum. Another $200,000 was put into the restoration of the depot in 1988. Unfortunately, Hurricane Andrew leveled the depot in 1992. The current train depot on the property is a replica of the original.</p><br>
<p>The Museum is now owned by the City of Florida City and operated by the Florida Pioneer Museum Association.</p><br>
<p>The Fort East Martello Museum & Gardens , is a historic site located at 3501 South Roosevelt Boulevard, Key West, Florida, United States. On June 19, 1972, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is the best-preserved example of the Martello style of military architecture in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Fort East Martello Museum & Gardens</h2><br>
<p>The site features exhibits of local history and art. Displays include early settlement, sponging and fishing, Cuban influence, military involvement, writers and other characters. The museum features works by folk artist Mario Sanchez, art created from junk by Stanley Papio, and Robert the Doll, a supposedly haunted doll belonging to the late artist Robert Eugene Otto. The Key West Art & Historical Society operates the museum.</p><br>
<p>The Old Holy Redeemer Catholic Church is a historic site in Kissimmee, Florida. It is located at 120 North Sproule Avenue. On January 3, 1994, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This church had its early services in the home of Mrs. A. Tress, above the Tress Store on Broadway. It was once a mission of Orlando&#39;s St. James Catholic Church. On May 5, 1912, they laid the cornerstone of a little brick church at 122 W. Sproule Ave., and celebrated their first mass there on June 30, 1912. It cost $7,000, and initially had no pews and no electricity. In 1972, they sold the building for $85,000 to the First United Methodist Church. A new church was built on a nearby site in west Kissimmee at 1603 N Thacker Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Hall is an historic building located at 1101 Massachusetts Avenue in St. Cloud, Florida, in the United States. The city of St. Cloud had been founded by the Grand Army of the Republic or GAR, as a retirement colony for its members. The hall was built in 1914 by members of the GAR as a memorial to the Union Army veterans of the Civil War. It was one of many such halls built in the country. On February 21, 1997, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Hall ** (added 1997 - Building - #97000097)</p><br>
<p>Also known as G.A.R. Memorial Hall</p><br>
<p>1101 Massachusetts Ave., St. Cloud</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Chessman, M.W.</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Early Commercial</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Community Planning And Development, Social History</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1900–1924, 1925–1949</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Social</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Meeting Hall</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Commerce/Trade, Recreation And Culture</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Museum, Professional</p><br>
<h2>Meetings</h2><br>
<p>The hall was the meeting place of the Lucius L. Mitchell GAR Post No. 34, which was named for the first Union veteran to die in the St. Cloud colony, and which was one of 34 GAR posts in Florida. It is now the meeting place of the Lucius L Mitchell Camp No. 4 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, the successor organization to the Grand Army of the Republic.</p><br>
<p>The Desert Inn and Restaurant  was a historic site in Yeehaw Junction, Florida, United States. It was located at 5570 South Kenansville Road, next to SR 60. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on January 3, 1994 and demolished September 5, 2024.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the spot was originally named "Jackass Crossing," a reference to the burros that ranchers rode to Desert Inn.</p><br>
<p>As early as 1889, the Desert Inn was a bar room and brothel for cowboys and lumber workers. The Desert Inn did not have full-service water and electricity until 1978.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the years, the Desert Inn was used as a trading post, gas station, and dance hall. In 1994, after being added to the National Register of Historic Places, the unused rooms above the restaurant were converted into a modest museum that featured a bordello suite with red carpet, lace pillows and a swing.</p><br>
<p>The Desert Inn closed in June 2018.</p><br>
<p>In the early morning hours of December 22, 2019, a tractor trailer crashed into the side of the inn. The trailer jackknifed and photos show the roof of the inn collapsed onto the roof of the tractor trailer. The president of the Osceola County Historical Society, which owned and operated the Desert Inn at the time, stated that a determination will be made if any part of the building can be saved pending a survey by a structural engineer. Fortunately, a few weeks prior, valuable artifacts from inside the Desert Inn were removed and put in their archives as part of a clean up day and restoration efforts.</p><br>
<p>The Osceola County Historical Society was court-ordered to sell the property on April 19, 2024 to V6 Holdings LLC, who demolished the property on September 5, 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Old Jeffersonville Historic District is located in Jeffersonville, Indiana, United States. It marks the original boundaries of Jeffersonville, and is the heart of modern-day downtown Jeffersonville. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The area is roughly bounded by Court Avenue at the North, Graham Street on the east, the Ohio River at the south, and Interstate 65 at the west. In total, the district has 203 acres , 500 buildings, 6 structures, and 11 objects. Several banks are located in the historic buildings in the district. The now defunct Steamboat Days Festival, held on the second weekend in September, used to be held on Spring Street and the waterfront. Jeffersonvilles largest fire wiped out a block in the historic district on January 11, 2004, which destroyed the original Horners Novelty store.</p><br>
<p>Several important buildings are located in the district. At Warder Park the old Carnegie Library still stands, one of many built throughout Indiana in the early 20th century. Across Spring Street from Warder Park is the Old Masonic Temple, built in the early 20th century, with a majestic marble staircase. The local office of the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana maintains the historic Grisamore House, its former office, and the Willey-Allhands House, its current office, which are located beside each other. Schimpffs Confectionery is well known its candies, especially its red-hots and Modjelskas (a caramel-covered marshmallow confection). Horners Novelty, a long-time commercial supplier of party supplies and costumes that was rebuilt after a fire, is also included in the landmark boundaries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first settlement in what later became Jeffersonville was just above the Falls of the Ohio, the only natural barrier along the entire length of the Ohio River. Because of its location above the falls, Jeffersonville has the deepest harbor of any nearby town. The settlement was established in 1786 at Finney, near the present day Big Four Bridge. In June 1802, Lieutenant Isaac Bowman had 150 acre of land, known as Section No. 1, awarded to him for his service in the American Revolutionary War as part of Clark&#39;s Grant.</p><br>
<p>Jeffersonville started as three streets that paralleled the Ohio River: Water Street (gone), Front Street (Riverside Drive) and Market Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1802 John Gwathemey was appointed to plat the land north of Market Street using a plan devised by Thomas Jefferson. This plan deviated from Jefferson&#39;s original with the use of diagonal streets in the open checkerboard. By 1816 this plan proved to be unworkable and was re-platted by order of the Indiana Legislature (An Act to Change the Plan of the Town of Jeffersonville) in 1817.</p><br>
<p>In 1836 a Cincinnati civil engineer (H. L. Barnum) was hired to plot the northern expansion of the town. This plan was again an attempt to use Jefferson&#39;s original. The plan was rejected by the town council and another plan from a local civil engineer (Edmund F. Lee) was accepted. At the time Cincinnati was the major town in the area and subsequent map makers used the Barnum map as their primary source. Consequently, most maps of Jeffersonville from 1837 to about 1852 are in error.</p><br>
<p>From its heyday of the 1850s until the Great Depression in the 1930s, Jeffersonville was the leading center of USA steamboat production, due largely to its excellent harbor, which remained the deepest in the surrounding area. Many individuals who lived in the district worked at the Howard Shipyards, that became Jeffboat in the nearby town of Port Fulton, which was eventually annexed into Jeffersonville. The town gained its first railroad in 1852, connecting to Columbus, Indiana, and with the opening of the Fourteenth Street Bridge in 1870, became a railroad center. The city became an important distribution center during the Civil War for the Union Army, because three railroads connected to Jeffersonville and because the Ohio River served as a defensive barrier against invasion from Confederate attack, it was deemed a safer location than the more vulnerable city of Louisville, Kentucky located on the southern side of the river.</p><br>
<p>Most of the buildings still standing in the district were built after 1870. The majority of the commercial buildings along Spring Street are Italianate styles and Gothic Revival churches reflecting the large immigrations from Ireland and Germany that came during the time period. The residential buildings are generally of the American Four Square style, bungalows, and shotgun houses.</p><br>
<p>Until the mid-1950s, the district was a significant commercial area, including a J.C.Penney department store. However, with the construction of Youngstown Shopping Center 1.5 mi northwest of the downtown area on 10th Street/Indiana State Road 62, the district began its decline. The decline was completed when Green Tree Mall was built in the 1960s, taking Penney&#39;s with it. By the 1980s over twenty store fronts were empty, leaving the bulk of the stores in the district occupied by antique shops, thrift stores, or repair technicians.</p><br>
<h2>Streets</h2><br>
<p>The district is served by a northwest–southeast primary road called Spring Street. From Spring Street are five secondary streets going southwest to northeast; starting from the Ohio River and going the north the secondary streets are Riverside Drive, Market Street, Chestnut Street, Maple Street, and ending with Court Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Spring Street, a typical commercial 19th century corridor, is the primary roadway within the district. Most buildings along Spring Street are Italianate and eclectic Victorian. The structure vary between two and three stories tall, with brick as the most common building material. The 100 block is the closest to the Ohio River and has seen the most demolition. It contains the Old Strauss Hotel at the corner of Riverside Drive, a three-story Italianate hostelry with a corbeled cornice and arched windows. The buildings on the 200 block are mostly Italianate style buildings, the most notable being the old Elks Club structure (a three-story highly decorated glazed brick building) and the Bensingers Building (a 1920s commercial building of pressed brick and crenelated parapet). There is more diverse architecture on the 300-block, with a 19th-century Masonic Temple, the LaRose Theatre (a 1920s orange glazed brick structure with terra cotta trim), Horners Novelty (which had to be rebuilt after the worst fire in Jeffersonvilles history), and Schimpff&#39;s Confectionery, a candy store that opened in 1891 that now also features a small candy museum. More Italianate structures are on the 400 block, but its most important structure is the 1907 Citizens National Bank Building, which is stone Classical Revival with large eagles for adornment. The block also holds the regional office for the local Boy Scouts of America council. Warder Park is located on the east side of the 500 block and features a Classical Revival Masonic Temple that used for most of the 20th Century.</p><br>
<p>At the southeast end of Spring Street is Riverside Drive, which provides some of the most scenic views of the Ohio River and the eastern Louisville shoreline because of the limited alterations compared to other sections of the Ohio River in the Louisville area. Houseboats are docked along the Ohio River on the south side of Riverside Drive. The north side of Riverside Drive has a variety of architectural styles and is mostly residential. Unlike the other prominent streets, Riverside drive is outside the flood wall that surrounds most of the city and was built two feet higher than the height the Ohio River flood of 1937.</p><br>
<p>Market Street is largely residential, its 200 block has many vacant areas, but the 300–500 blocks features many shotgun houses. As Market Streets proceeds eastward out of the district, it becomes known as Utica Pike near the Howard Steamboat Museum and connects Jeffersonville with Utica, Indiana. North of Market Street, few buildings remain that date before 1850, making the character of the district during the early time frame unknowable.</p><br>
<p>Chestnut Street is also largely residential. The 200 block of West Chestnut features old supports for the Big Four Bridge and the 100 block of West Chestnut holds the Grisamore House, which was separately placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. On East Chestnut, the 100 block contains many houses built around 1900 and the 200 block is filled with bungalows. St. Augustine Roman Catholic Church, a Spanish-flavored neo-Baroque structure with a Moorish-styled rectory, is located on the 300 block of East Chestnut. Another church is located on the 400 block including the Gothic Revival style First Presbyterian Church (with lancet windows and belltower), and a typical Works Progress Administration Art Modern school whose cruciform plan has a stuccoed facade and metal casement windows.</p><br>
<p>Maple Street features more commercial enterprises than the previous southwest–northeast streets. The 100 block of West Maple Street is dominated by parking lots and a funeral home. The Olde Towne Grocery, originally built in the 1920s as a Krogers and later an A&P, and a collectibles store named Hockeyman&#39;s are located across from each other on the 100 block of East Maple. The 200 block of East Maple Street is mostly residential, with four large Victorian homes and a large office building used by the Indiana Bell Telephone Company. The 300–800 blocks of East Maple are residential and are mostly American Four-Square in construction. The blocks also contain a few Gothic-Revival churches,</p><br>
<p>The northernmost street is Court Avenue, sections of which are part of the historic district and others, having seen new construction, are not part of the district; only the 100 West, 100 East, and 700–900 East Blocks of Court Avenue are in the district. This allows for Warder Park and eastern residential areas, but not the current Jeffersonville Township Public Library and the Clark County Courthouse. This was the site of the Falls City Area Center, a community college that eventually moved to New Albany and became Indiana University Southeast. Warder Park was also the site of an important Civil War bakery, which furnished hardtack for thousands of Union soldiers.</p><br>
<p>File:Jeff Spring Street.jpgSpring Street of the Historic District</p><br>
<p>File:Willey-Allhands House.jpgWilley-Allhands House</p><br>
<p>File:2004 fire in the historical district of Jeffersonville, Indiana.jpgFire in 2004 that destroyed Horner&#39;s</p><br>
<p>The 1696 Thomas Massey House is one of the oldest English Quaker homes in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is a 2-story brick and stone house, originally constructed by the English, Quaker settler, Thomas Massey in 1696. It is located on Lawrence Road near Sproul Road in Broomall, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Thomas Massey</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Massey was born in the village of Marpoole (Marple) in Cheshire, England. He was a Quaker and an indentured servant to Francis Stanfield, who arranged for him and seven other indentured servants to emigrate to America. Thomas set sail from Chester, England aboard the ketch "Endeavor". He landed in Philadelphia, PA on September 29, 1683, at the age of twenty. After Thomas worked off his indenture, he received 50 acre of land from his master and another 50 acres from William Penn. In 1692, at age 29, Thomas married 22-year-old, Phebe Taylor, whom he had met aboard the Endeavor. Together they had seven children: Esther (1693), Mordecai (1695), James (1697), Hannah (1699), Thomas (1701), Phoebe (1705) and Mary (1707). Thomas Massey died in 1707/08 and Phebe remarried two years later. Their oldest son, Mordecai inherited the house and it remained in the Massey family until 1925.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Massey built the original brick section in 1696 as an addition to an earlier wooden house. Thomas&#39;s son Mordecai Massey likely tore down the wooden house and built the first stone addition during the 1730s. A stone walled kitchen was added in the early nineteenth century with a second story above the kitchen added about 1860.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Massey family until 1925, and was used as a farmhouse into the 1930s when a furnace and electrical wiring were added. When the land around the house was developed into suburban housing, the Massey House was used for storage and painting.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, the house was saved from demolition by Masseys descendant, Lawrence M.C. Smith. Smith bought the house and 1 acre of ground and donated the property to Marple Township on condition that it be restored within ten years. The restoration was completed by architect, John Milner. During the restoration, a walk-in-fireplace and beehive oven were uncovered. Many of the homes original features have been restored and are fully functional.</p><br>
<p>The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and is listed on the Historic American Buildings Survey. A Pennsylvania historical marker was dedicated on the site on May 9, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Tours and events</h2><br>
<p>The house is open to the public for tours from April through October on Sundays from 1 to 4 PM. It is seasonally decorated and furnished with authentic 17th and 18th century items, including some of the home&#39;s original fixtures, such as: cabinetry, furniture, cookware and dinnerware, books and tools.</p><br>
<p>Special events such as: lectures, demonstrations, dinners, cooking classes, gardening presentations and social gatherings are held throughout the year. At dinner events, an authentic colonial meal is prepared in the kitchen and served in the home.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Massey House Marple DelCo PA 1.jpgIn 2018</p><br>
<p>MasseyHouse.JPGIn 2009</p><br>
<p>The Chautauqua Hall of Brotherhood  is a historic site in DeFuniak Springs, Walton County, Florida. It was constructed as part of the Chautauqua education movement and is located at 95 Circle Drive. It is now used to house a branch of the Walton County Chamber of Commerce. On August 7, 1972, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the building was listed in A Guide to Florida&#39;s Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.</p><br>
<p>The Perry L. Biddle House is a historic house located at 203 Scribner Avenue in DeFuniak Springs, Florida, United States. It is locally significant as one of the best examples of the houses constructed in an early subdivision of DeFuniak Springs, outside of the heavy development which took place around Lake DeFuniak, and is also a good example of Frame Vernacular construction.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1887 by Perry L. Biddle, who settled in DeFuniak Springs about 1886. The house is a large symmetrical design that displays a cross gable roof with a simple frieze that encircles the building. The original, two-story primary unit has the shape of a MT," and a roof covered with tin standing seam panels, which appear to have replaced the original pressed-metal shingles.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Sun Bright  is an historic residence in DeFuniak Springs, Walton County, Florida. Located at 30 Live Oak Ave W, it was the home of Sidney J. Catts, Florida&#39;s twenty-second governor. On May 7, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the house was listed in A Guide to Florida&#39;s Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.</p><br>
<p>After Governor Catts owned the house, it became a bed and breakfast until the early 2000 when it was converted back to a single family residence.</p><br>
<p>The Grisamore House is a historic home located in downtown Jeffersonville, Indiana. It was built by two brothers from Philadelphia, David and Wilson Grisamore, in 1837. It is a -story, Federal style brick double house with Greek Revival style design elements. The front facade features three stucco-coated, two-story Doric order columns in antis and two projecting second story balconies. It has housed several important Jeffersonville families. For example, future president William Henry Harrison gave a speech on the front porch in 1840 while campaigning to become president.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, it was the Decker Art Studio.</p><br>
<p>It suffered fire damage in 1981, but was saved from destruction by the Jeff-Clark Preservation, Inc. In 1983, it was added to National Register of Historic Places. It is now part of the Old Jeffersonville Historic District, and houses private businesses. The Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana formerly had its Southern Indiana regional office here before they relocated the Willey House next to the Grisamore House.</p><br>
<p>The Henry French House, also known as the Salmon-French House, is a historic house located in the Port Fulton area of Jeffersonville, Clark County, Indiana in the United States. It was built about 1832, and is a two-story, Federal style brick dwelling with a rear ell added about 1839 to form an I-house. It has some Colonial Revival style design elements.</p><br>
<h2>Henry French</h2><br>
<p>Henry French (born December 19, 1812, in Philadelphia – May 4, 1878) was one of the first steamboat builders in the area. Between himself, his father Daniel French, and his brothers William and George, twenty steamboats were built at Port Fulton. Eventually, his business was swallowed by the larger Howard enterprise.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 1989, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is a private residence, and the current occupants have renovated it in a fashion similar to its original state.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville and Nashville Passenger Station and Express Building is a historic Louisville and Nashville Railroad passenger train depot in Pensacola, Florida.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is located at 239 North Alcaniz Street.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed between 1912 and 1913 with elements of Prairie School, Spanish Mission, and Italianate architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>On June 11, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the depot was refurbished and incorporated into the Pensacola Grand Hotel (now the Crowne Plaza Pensacola Grand Hotel) that was built just behind it. The renovation of the depot was a painstaking process that used as much of the original material as possible. The building houses the lobby, shops, restaurant and meeting rooms of the hotel. The hotel has housed two Presidents of the United States, including President Barack Obama in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Specific use for passenger trains</h2><br>
<p>Until 1971 the Louisville and Nashville Railroad operated the Gulf Wind (New Orleans - Mobile - Jacksonville). And until 1955 the Frisco Railway ran a section of the Sunnyland from the station to Memphis via Tupelo.</p><br>
<p>The Lloyd Railroad Depot  is a historic depot building in Lloyd, Florida in the United States. Built in 1858 by the Pensacola and Georgia Railroad, it is the oldest brick railroad station in Florida and one of only three surviving railroad depots in the state built prior to the start of the American Civil War. The Seaboard Air Line Railroad operated a local New Orleans - Jacksonville train on the line, making flag stops at the station, while the better known Gulf Wind passed through without stopping.</p><br>
<p>The building closed in 1966 after its owner at the time, the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, discontinued that local service and donated it to the Jefferson County Historical Society. A few years later, ownership was transferred to the Gulf Wind Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society, who own it to this day. On December 2, 1974, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The structure is located near the junction of SR 59 and Lester Lawrence Road. It is currently used as a post office.</p><br>
<p>The Minneapolis Armory is a historic event center and former National Guard armory located in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Built by the Public Works Administration in 1936, the building was occupied by several Army and Naval Militia units of the Minnesota National Guard from its opening until 1985. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its military use, the armory hosted sporting events, political conventions, and music concerts. It was the home arena of the Minneapolis Lakers of the NBA (now the Los Angeles Lakers) during the 1959–1960 season and part-time home from 1947 through 1959. Later used as a parking facility, the armory underwent renovations and was turned into an 8,400-person events center and concert venue. Since its reopening in 2018, it has hosted numerous musical performances, including during the weekend of Super Bowl LII.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The armory was the costliest single building in Minnesota supported by a Public Works Administration grant. The building is an example of the PWA Moderne style, a design characterized by strong geometry, bold contouring and integrated sculpture ornamentation. The building was designed by St. Paul architect P.C. Bettenburg, who was also a major in the Minnesota National Guard. St. Paul artist Elsa Jemne painted murals in the building.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1930s through the 1970s, in addition to serving as an armory for Minnesota National Guard units based in Minneapolis, it was a venue for civic events, including concerts, political conventions and sporting events such as Golden Gloves tournaments. The building was used by the Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association as a part-time home between 1947 and 1959, and as its primary home court for the 1959–60 NBA season.</p><br>
<p>Professional motorcycle racing took place inside the Armory during the winter months from 1968 through 1980. The Minnesota National Guard was still operating at the armory as late as 1985.</p><br>
<p>Hennepin County bought the armory in 1989 for $4.7 million, with plans to demolish it and place a new county jail on the site. In 1998, the county sold the building for $2.6 million to a private company for use as a parking structure on condition that it be preserved.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Armory was purchased by a local development firm for $6 million. The building was converted from a parking facility to an 8,400-capacity events center and concert venue. It reopened in January 2018 in time to host several events related to Super Bowl LII.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a Minneapolis historic landmark in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The venue hosted NXT Deadline in December 2024.</p><br>
<h2>Concerts</h2><br>
<p>Minneapolis Armory has hosted numerous concerts with bands such as Deadmau5, Dua Lipa, Falling in Reverse, Halsey, Judas Priest, Huddy, Motionless in White, Megadeth, Machine Gun Kelly and Pink.</p><br>
<p>Prince used the Armory to film his music video "1999" from the eponymous album in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Plant City Union Depot is a historic train depot in Plant City, Florida, Florida, United States. It was built in 1909 and was crucial in the development of Plant City. The city was named after Henry Plant, who introduced railway lines to improve the transport system in Central and Western Florida. The architectural design is credited to J.F. Leitner.</p><br>
<p>It is located 102 N. Palmer street near Northeast Drane Street, and was built by the Plant Railroad System and the Florida Navigation and Rail Co., which later became the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) and Seaboard Air Line Railroad (SAL). These two lines became more commonly known as the “A Line” and “S Line” after the two railroads merged, which happened when the depot was still operational. The ACL tracks ran east and west. The SAL tracks ran north and south and contained a Railway Express Agency loading dock. The southbound station served ACL trains bound for Tampa and Sarasota and the other station served SAL trains bound for Sarasota, Boca Grande, Naples and Miami.</p><br>
<p>Plant City Union Depot continued to operate until 1971. It was about to get torn down by the city in 1974, but was saved Plant City Arts Council. On April 14, 1975, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S Department of Interior.</p><br>
<p>Plant City Union Depot was converted into and renamed as the Robert W. Willaford Railroad Museum in September 2013 and is open to the public. It is named after Robert W. Willaford in honor of his contributions to this conversion project and his dedication towards trains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When operational, the busy station was accommodating about 44 passenger trains daily. The line was held active by many important figures who travelled along it. The military also took this line to depart for their missions. It was characterized as one of the largest railroad distribution stop and was ranked as the second busiest transportation hub in the state of Florida, Jacksonville being the first. Its strategic location was what determined its important role in the area. It is known that farmers shipped nearly 4 million quarts of strawberries in 1926 through the station itself. The uniqueness of the station was that farmers used it to pay their buyers directly on the station while selling their produce. The introduction of trucks slowed the station&#39;s activity to a halt. Once it stopped operating, the railroad was deeded to the city four years later. It was then attributed the title of historic monument and was under the control of the Plant City Art Council.</p><br>
<h3>Passenger service</h3><br>
<p>The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad used the station for its West Coast Champion, bound for Tampa and Sarasota and unnamed trains heading in the same direction.</p><br>
<p>The Seaboard Air Line used it for its Wildwood to St. Petersburg division. SAL trains serving the station included the Palmland, Silver Meteor and the Sunland.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>Plant City union depot was restored numerous times with the support of multiple grants allotted, after being listed in the National Register of Historic Places. One major change was to move the two-story tower from the station across the tracks and was completed in April 1987. The idea of adding a restaurant was proposed but not finalized. Some rooms were also restored to serve as art classes for the community. These were made possible from the funds raised by the art council. In 1988, work was performed on the exterior structure of the building with some minor alterations in the interior. In 1997, more grants were given to install bathrooms and air conditioning system. In 2014, the station experienced a major restoration change that stayed till date.</p><br>
<h3>Naming</h3><br>
<p>The name “union” was inherited after the merging of the two competing railroad companies, the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line into the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad in 1967. The station was reopened as museum and was renamed in a ceremony that was organized during the first Railfest in February 2014. It is now known as Robert W. Willaford Railroad Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Robert W. Willaford Railroad Museum</h2><br>
<p>Robert W. Willaford is a retired locomotive engineer, best known in the community as Plant City’s railroad expert and for his passion towards train. His unique passion led him to keep a train engine and caboose on display in his yard for many years. He was contacted by the City Commissioner Mike Sparkman and told to make some donations in regards to trains. This was the start of the changes and restoration that happened till date. Willaford himself was unaware of what his contributions meant to the community. His contribution to this project was about 28 railroad items, ranging approximately $212 500, that he collected for nearly 43 years. He amassed and salvaged this collection from scrap yards coming from Miami, Georgia, Baltimore, Ohio, Vermont. In return to this contribution and after undertaking several negotiations, Willaford and the city agreed in renaming the new museum as the Robert W. Willaford Railroad Museum in February 2014.</p><br>
<h3>Recent changes</h3><br>
<p>On November 14, 2013, the caboose along with the engine were moved to the actual site. Prior to the arrival of the train, C.J. Bridges Railroad Contractor installed tracks for the caboose. These changes were made under the supervision of the City Commissioner. The two-story building has been equipped with an elevator to give access for visitors with disabilities. A train platform has also been built to display some of the memorabilia that was donated earlier. The 24/7 viewing platform has been built for train enthusiasts to view the few operational trains still passing through Plant City. The brickwork has been renovated and a roof has been built. The platforms model was inspired from Georgia’s Folkston Funnel which is a train station with a similar viewing platform. The station will now have a scanner which record the transmissions between trains like the Folkston Funnel. Plant Citys depot is bigger than that of Georgia&#39;s as it has a 14- foot tower and a lower deck platform.</p><br>
<h3>Events</h3><br>
<p>Since the opening of the museum, events have been hosted for the public to participate in train-related topics. Each year a two-day Railfest is organized by the museum. The event is free, family friendly and open for rail fans. During the event, train-themed films are projected, free-museum admission is granted, scavenger hunts are organized, tours of the caboose are available and access to miniature train rides are arranged for visitors to enjoy. Each year the activities differ and new activities are organized. There are also fund-raising rallies organized throughout the year. In 2019 the Railfest was on Saturday 13 April. The money collected is used to maintain the collection and to pay the staff working during the week.</p><br>
<p>Vero station, also known as Vero Beach station, is a historic Florida East Coast Railway train station in Vero Beach, Florida. It is located at 2336 Fourteenth Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the station, the railroad stop was known as mile marker 350. The station was built in 1903 as a 1-story Wood-Frame Vernacular building with shingle-sides. It was enlarged and remodeled 1916 and 1936.</p><br>
<p>Until a series of train terminations in the 1950s and early 1960s trains such as the City of Miami (from Chicago), East Coast Champion (from New York City) and the Havana Special (New York City) made stops at Vero Beach. Passenger service ended on July 31, 1968.</p><br>
<p>The station structure was bought from the Florida East Coast Railway by the Indian River County Historical Society in September 1984 for $1. In December 1984, it moved a short distance from the original location on the east side of the railway tracks on Commerce Avenue to 2336 14th Avenue west of the tracks.</p><br>
<p>On January 6, 1987, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places as the Vero Railroad Station. The building now hosts a county historical exhibit center.</p><br>
<p>Useppa Island is an island located near the northern end of Pine Island Sound in Lee County, Florida, United States. It has been known for luxury resorts since the late 19th century, and it is currently the home of the private Useppa Island Club. On May 21, 1996, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places, due to its archaeological significance.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1830s the island was variously called Caldezs Island, Toampe, and Joseffa. Records indicate that José Caldez, who had operated a fishing rancho on the island, called it Josephas when he sold it in 1833. The name Useppa first appeared on a hydrological chart of the area in 1855.</p><br>
<p>Like the nearby islands of Gasparilla, Sanibel, and Captiva, a folk etymology has developed connecting Useppa Island&#39;s name to the legendary pirate captain José Gaspar, also known as Gasparilla. A local folk story, extant in at least two versions, tells of Gaspar kidnapping a Spanish princess, with whom he becomes enamored. When she spurns his advances he kills her, but is overtaken by remorse and buries her himself on the beach. One version identifies the princess as Josefa, daughter of Martín de Mayorga, Viceroy of New Spain from 1779 to 1782, and indicates that her burial place of Useppa Island still bears her name in an altered form.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Useppa Island is 1 mi long north to south, and up to 1/2 mi wide. A ridge, up to 18 ft high, runs along much of the eastern edge of the island. A ridge up to 40 ft high is in the middle of the island along the western side. A 9 m conical shell midden with ramps is located on the west side of the island towards the southern end. The southern end of the island may have grown by as much as 500 m during the 20th century, possibly when a golf course was developed there. The island was part of the Florida mainland during the last glacial period, when the sea level around Florida was 100 m or more lower than today. Useppa Island is high ground that became separated from the mainland by a rising sea level around 4500 BCE. This high ground is believed to be stabilized sand dunes formed during a high sea level episode prior to the last glacial episode. During the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE barrier islands formed to the west of Useppa Island, creating Pine Island Sound and protecting Useppa Island from the open Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before Useppa Island separated from the mainland, the area was visited by Paleo-Indians, who were present in Florida by at least 8,000 BCE. Soon after the sea level had risen enough to separate the island from the mainland, around 4500 BCE, Indians of the Archaic period began living on the island for part of the year, primarily during the spring and summer. Oyster shells were deposited in middens from this time. Tools made from seashells during the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE show a cultural affinity with Horr&#39;s Island to the south.</p><br>
<p>After about 3000 BCE bodies were buried on Useppa Island in a flexed position. Steatite stone vessels and fiber-tempered pottery came into use on the island after 2000 BCE. Sand-tempered pottery appeared after 1200 BCE. Seasonal occupation of the island continued through the end of the Archaic period (c. 500 BCE) and into the Caloosahatchee culture period, until about 1200. While the island may have been used occasionally as a fishing camp after that date, there is no known sustained occupation of the island until after 1700. Shortly after 1700, the Calusa people (the people of the Caloosahatchee culture region during the historic period) were killed, carried away to slavery, or driven out of the area by Creek and Yamasee people (who later coalesced into the Seminole.</p><br>
<p>Later in the 18th century and as late as 1835 Muspa Indians, possibly descendants of people who lived in the Calusa town of Muspa (on or near Marco Island) were reported to be living in the Charlotte Harbor and Pine Island area. Around 1784, Jose Caldez of Cuba began using Useppa Island as the base for his seasonal fishing operations. Caldez employed both Cubans and local Native Americans at this fishing rancho. By 1833 the rancho consisted of close to 20 palmetto-thatched houses and about 60 people.</p><br>
<p>The Second Seminole War began in late 1835. Henry Crews, the USA Customs officer on Josefa Island (Useppa), was killed in late March 1836, possibly by Seminoles or by Indians working at the rancho. Crews had been at odds with the Spaniards at the fishing rancho, believing that they were using fishing as a cover for large scale smuggling. After the death of Crews, the "Americans" living around Charlotte Harbor, which probably included Spaniards and rancho Indians, fled to the rancho operated by William Bunce on Passage Island in Tampa Bay. In late 1836 the ranchos around Charlotte Harbor, including the Caldez rancho on Useppa, were reported to be abandoned and "largely destroyed." Rancho Indians, including those who were married to Cubans or were half-Cuban, were gathered up by the Army and sent west to Indian Territory.</p><br>
<p>The area around Charlotte Harbor and Pine Island, including Josefa Island, remained sparsely inhabited for several decades. The USA Army established Fort Casey on, renamed, Useppa Island early in 1850, but abandoned it before the end of the year. Union troops and refugee Union sympathizers occupied the island in December 1863, and mounted a small raid into Charlotte Harbor and up the Myakka River, which resulted in some skirmishes with Confederate troops and irregulars. The troops on Useppa Island moved to Fort Myers after it was established in January, 1864. The Census of 1870 found two residents on the island. It was reported to be uninhabited in 1885, and to have one family in residence in 1895.</p><br>
<p>Chicago businessman John Roach built a hotel on Useppa Island in 1896. Barron Collier bought the island in 1911, and developed the resort, enlarging the hotel and adding tennis courts and a 9-hole golf course. Collier made the island his official residence, from which he directed his real estate empire. Collier died in 1939, and the resort was closed during World War II. Hurricanes in 1944 and 1946 damaged the hotel, and it was torn down. The island opened again as a resort in 1946, continuing until 1960. In 1960, Useppa briefly served as a CIA training base for Cuban exiles in preparation for the Bay of Pigs Invasion.</p><br>
<p>Useppa Island changed hands four times in the 1960s and 1970s, with two short-lived attempts to operate it as a resort. Gar Beckstead bought the island in 1976 and his company, Useppa Inn and Dock Company, has operated it as a private resort since then. Hurricane Charley heavily damaged the island in 2004. The rebuilt Collier Inn was re-opened one year later.</p><br>
<p>The Useppa Island Historical Society operates the Barbara Sumwalt Museum on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological investigations</h2><br>
<p>While some archaeologists passed by or visited Useppa Island in the 19th century, the first scientific excavation on the island was by John Griffin and Hale Smith, who collected ceramics from a disturbed midden in 1947. Jerald Milanich and Jefferson Chapman conducted more extensive excavations on Collier Mound and adjacent middens in 1979 and 1980, using a backhoe to dig trenches in mound and middens.</p><br>
<p>William Marquardt and Michael Hansinger conducted an excavation on Collier Ridge in 1985. Marquardt and Corbett Torrence excavated several locations on the island in 1989. Marquardt excavated a burial on a lot scheduled for construction in 1994. Volunteers associated with the Rendell Research Society, the University of California Los Angeles, and the Useppa Island Historical Society excavated a shell axe workshop on the island in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Port Orange Florida East Coast Railway Freight Depot is a historic Florida East Coast Railway passenger depot in Port Orange, Florida, United States. It is located at 415C Herbert Street, off USA 1. The depot was originally constructed in 1894 as two buildings.</p><br>
<p>The depot was constructed by the narrow-gauge St. Johns and Halifax Railway, a division of the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway.</p><br>
<p>On December 31, 1885, Henry Flagler purchased the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway. In September 1895, he changed the name to the Florida East Coast Railway.</p><br>
<p>The initial buildings included a passenger depot, FEC building #245, which was built immediately south of Dunlawton Avenue with the platform facing north. A second building, a freight depot, FEC building #246, was constructed south of the passenger depot. In 1924, the two buildings were joined as a passenger station. Regular passenger service ended in 1932. In February 1938, the building was remodeled to its current appearance. The windows, pedestrian doors and waiting platform were removed.</p><br>
<p>The building continued to be used as a freight depot until 1964. The depot continued to be a flag stop until the strike on January 23, 1963, and is listed in the last pre-strike time table dated December 12, 1962. In 1966 the depot was purchased and moved 500 feet north. The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 1998. In 2015 the City of Port Orange purchased the depot from long time Port Orange resident and business owner Bryan Berntsen to restore the building.</p><br>
<p>The Boca Express Train Museum, operated by the Boca Raton Historical Society, is housed in a restored 1930 Florida East Coast Railway  train station in Boca Raton, Florida. designed by Chester G. Henninger, built for Clarence H. Geist. It is located at 747 South Dixie Highway, off USA 1 . On October 24, 1980, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>That the building was restored and turned into a museum must be credited to the philanthropist Countess de Hoernle, who bought the abandoned building as a present for her husband.</p><br>
<h2>Use as a passenger train station</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the station served several long-distance trains and one or two local trains. Into the early 1960s, passengers could take one of two Chicago-bound trains (on alternating days), the City of Miami or the South Wind (both via Birmingham) and the New York City-bound East Coast Champion, Havana Special, and Miamian from the FEC&#39;s station. Into the latter 1950s, passengers could take the Dixie Flagler to Chicago via Atlanta from the station. The FEC operated local passenger service between Jacksonville and the Miami area until July 31, 1968.</p><br>
<p>Service on the line was restored by Brightline, with a station 3/4 mi north of the museum opening on December 21, 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The museum contains two restored and unique 1947 Seaboard Air Line streamlined rail cars, a dining and a lounge car, built by the Budd Company and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Boca Express Train Museum also includes a 1946 Atlantic Coast Line caboose and a 1930 Baldwin steam switch engine.</p><br>
<h2>For sale</h2><br>
<p>The Boca Raton Historical Society put the Train Museum up for sale in 2017, saying that maintaining two historic buildings (the other is the Societys home, Boca Ratons first city hall) is draining the nonprofit&#39;s resources.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Hall in Covington, Kentucky is located at the northeast corner of Fifth Street and Madison Avenue. It was constructed in 1856 by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodge, and was the center of Covington&#39;s civic and political life for most of the Victorian era. When the American Civil War ended, victorious Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was honored with a reception there.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, the body of William Goebel, the only USA governor to be assassinated in office, lay in state there, as an estimated 10,000 people filed past.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, a roller skating rink filled the second-floor ballroom, famous for its 25 ft-high ceiling suspended by a truss system.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In May 2002, a major fire almost destroyed the entire building. It was reduced to its front facade, back wall, and a three-story column of smoke and charred debris. A new team has restored the hall, with its first tenant taking occupancy in March 2006.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ward is a former Union Army installation now located in the city of Alexandria in the USA state of Virginia. It was the fifth largest fort built to defend Washington, D.C. in the American Civil War. It is currently well-preserved with 90-95% of its earthen walls intact.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation of Arlington</h2><br>
<p>Before the outbreak of the Civil War, Alexandria County, the closest part of Virginia to Washington, D.C., was a predominantly rural area. Originally part of the District of Columbia, the land now comprising the county was retroceded to Virginia in a July 9, 1846 act of Congress that took effect in 1847. Most of the county is hilly, and at the time, most of the county&#39;s population was concentrated in the city of Alexandria, at the far southeastern corner of the county. In 1861, the rest of the county largely consisted of scattered farms, the occasional house, fields for grazing livestock, and Arlington House, owned by Mary Custis, wife of Robert E. Lee.</p><br>
<p>Following the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 14, 1861, new American president Abraham Lincoln declared that "an insurrection existed," and called for 75,000 troops to be called up to quash the rebellion. The move sparked resentment in many other southern states, which promptly moved to convene discussions of secession. The Virginia State Convention passed "an ordinance of secession" and ordered a May 23 referendum to decide whether or not the state should secede from the Union. The USA Army responded by creating the Department of Washington, which united all Union troops in the District of Columbia and Maryland under one command.</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General J.F.K. Mansfield, commander of the Department of Washington, argued that Northern Virginia should be occupied as soon as possible in order to prevent the possibility of the Confederate Army mounting artillery on the hills of Arlington and shelling government buildings in Washington. He also urged the erection of fortifications on the Virginia side of the Potomac River to protect the southern terminuses of the Chain Bridge, Long Bridge, and Aqueduct Bridge. His superiors approved these recommendations, but decided to wait until after Virginia voted for or against secession.</p><br>
<p>On May 23, 1861, Virginia voted by a margin of 3 to 1 in favor of leaving the Union. That night, USA Army troops began crossing the bridges linking Washington, D.C. to Virginia. The march, which began at 10 p.m. on the night of the 23rd, was described in colorful terms by the New York Herald two days later:</p><br>
<p>There can be no more complaints of inactivity of the government. The forward march movement into Virginia, indicated in my despatches last night, took place at the precise time this morning that I named, but in much more imposing and powerful numbers.</p><br>
<p>About ten o&#39;clock last night four companies of picked men moved over the Long Bridge, as an advance guard. They were sent to reconnoitre, and if assailed were ordered to signal, when they would have been reinforced by a corps of regular infantry and a battery....</p><br>
<p>At twelve o&#39;clock the infantry regiment, artillery and cavalry corps began to muster and assume marching order. As fast as the several regiments were ready they proceeded to the Long Bridge, those in Washington being directed to take that route.</p><br>
<p>The troops quartered at Georgetown, the Sixty-ninth, Fifth, Eighth and Twenty-eighth New York regiments, proceeded across what is known as the chain bridge, above the mouth of the Potomac Aqueduct, under the command of General McDowell. They took possession of the heights in that direction.</p><br>
<p>The imposing scene was at the Long Bridge, where the main body of the troops crossed. Eight thousand infantry, two regular cavalry companies and two sections of Shermans artillery battalion, consisting of two batteries, were in line this side of the Long Bridge at two oclock.</p><br>
<p>The occupation of Northern Virginia was peaceful, with the sole exception of the town of Alexandria. There, as Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, commander of the New York Fire Zouaves (11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment), entered a local hotel to remove the Confederate flag flying above it, he was shot and killed by James W. Jackson, the proprietor. Ellsworth was one of the first men killed in the American Civil War. Jackson was then killed by invading Federal soldiers of the 11th New York. Throughout the remainder of the war, Alexandria would lean strongly towards the Confederate government, necessitating continued occupation by a Union garrison.</p><br>
<h3>Battle of Bull Run</h3><br>
<p>Over the seven weeks that followed the occupation of northern Virginia, forts were constructed along the banks of the Potomac River and at the approaches to each of the three major bridges (Chain Bridge, Long Bridge, and Aqueduct Bridge) connecting Virginia to Washington and Georgetown.</p><br>
<p>While the Potomac River forts were being built, planning and surveying was ordered for an enormous new ring of forts to protect the city. Unlike the fortifications under construction, the new forts would defend the city in all directions, not just the most direct route through Arlington. In mid-July, this work was interrupted by the First Battle of Bull Run. As the Army of Northeastern Virginia marched south to Manassas, the soldiers previously assigned to construction duties marched instead to battle. In the days that followed the Union defeat at Bull Run, panicked efforts were made to defend Washington from what was perceived as an imminent Confederate attack. The makeshift trenches and earthworks that resulted were largely confined to Arlington and the direct approaches to Washington.</p><br>
<p>On July 26, 1861, five days after the battle, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan was named commander of the military district of Washington and the subsequently renamed Army of the Potomac. Upon arriving in Washington, McClellan was appalled by the condition of the city&#39;s defenses.</p><br>
<p>In no quarter were the dispositions for defense such as to offer a vigorous resistance to a respectable body of the enemy, either in the position and numbers of the troops or the number and character of the defensive works... not a single defensive work had been commenced on the Maryland side. There was nothing to prevent the enemy shelling the city from heights within easy range, which could be occupied by a hostile column almost without resistance.</p><br>
<p>To remedy the situation, one of McClellan&#39;s first orders upon taking command was to greatly expand the defenses of Washington. At all points of the compass, forts and entrenchments would be constructed in sufficient strength to defeat any attack. Alexandria, which contained the southern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and one of the largest ports in the Chesapeake Bay, was an object of "anxious study."</p><br>
<h2>Planning and construction</h2><br>
<p>It was named for US Navy Commander James H. Ward, killed at Mathias Point. It was designed with a perimeter of 540 yards and platforms for 24 guns. Later, a 100-pound Parrott gun was added. The larger guns made the fort vulnerable if besieged. In 1863, the perimeter was expanded to 818 yards with room for 36 guns.</p><br>
<p>Gen. John Newton, who was in charge of the forts south of Four Mile Run, supervised the construction and managed the flow of men and material.</p><br>
<p>Liberated slaves, also known as "contrabands", helped build the defenses to protect Washington from invasion by Confederate forces during the Civil War. The Fort was named for the first Union naval officer to die in the war. Fort Ward never saw any attacks, and was dismantled in November 1865, though many African- Americans continued to live there into the 1900s.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Ward Museum</h2><br>
<p>The fort is now a part of the City of Alexandrias 45 acre Fort Ward Museum and Historic Site adjacent to Braddock Road, and the museum offers rotating exhibits on American Civil War subjects and a Civil War library. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and hosts Civil War and Revolutionary War reenactments. The historic area now includes a museum, an Officers Hut, Ceremonial Gate, and reconstructed northwest bastion. The site can be found at 4301 West Braddock Road in Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Atlantic Coast Line Passenger Depot was a historic Atlantic Coast Line Railroad depot in Sarasota, Florida, United States. It was located at 1 South School Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tampa Southern Railroad began service through Sarasota in May 1924. The first passenger train arrived in December 1924 at the freight and temporary passenger station north of Fruitville Road. A permanent Atlantic Coast Line passenger depot, Sarasota Station, was constructed in 1925. The architect was Alpheus M. Griffin.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, Atlantic Coast Line (ACL) and Seaboard Air Line Railway (SAL) merged as the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (SCL). The West Coast Champion made its last run to Sarasota and Venice from Boston and New York on May 1, 1971.</p><br>
<p>On March 22, 1984, the depot was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Two years later, it was demolished. It was delisted from the National Register on July 25, 2018.</p><br>
<p>The Punta Gorda Atlantic Coast Line Depot is a historic Atlantic Coast Line Railroad depot in Punta Gorda, Florida, United States. It is located at 1009 Taylor Road.</p><br>
<p>Owned and maintained by the Punta Gorda Historical Society, the building houses a Black history exhibit and an antique mall. On December 12, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad built the depot in 1928 as one of many investments it made to its railroad network during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. It served as Punta Gordas third passenger rail depot, replacing earlier depots built by the Atlantic Coast Lines predecessor the Florida Southern Railway. The original depot, built in 1886, was a small frame depot located within the railroads turning wye. The second depot, built in 1897, was slightly larger and was located along King Street (which today carries northbound USA Highway 41). It was demolished along with the Coast Lines King Street dock to accommodate the construction of the original Barron Collier Bridge over the Peace River.</p><br>
<p>The Punta Gorda depot was built in Neo-Spanish architecture, and was one of only six depots the Atlantic Coast Line built in that style. Of those six, only two still stand today (the other is in Bradenton).</p><br>
<p>Passenger rail service to Punta Gorda was discontinued in 1971. The building was eventually purchased by local landowner Fred Babcock, who donated it to the Punta Gorda Historical Society in 1996. The building today houses an antique mall.</p><br>
<p>The depots platform is still within the railroads right of way. Seminole Gulf Railway, who operates the rail line today, uses the platform every Christmas season for its Christmas Rail-Boat evening excursions. Passengers arrive from Fort Myers and transfer to a bus for a Christmas light boat tour through Punta Gorda Isles. They then reboard for the return trip to Fort Myers.</p><br>
<p>The Old Lake Placid Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot, now the Historical Society Depot Museum of the Lake Placid Historical Society, is a historic Atlantic Coast Line Railroad depot in Lake Placid, Florida. It is located at 12 East Park Street.</p><br>
<p>The station was completed in 1927, but only served passengers until the mid-1950s. Freight trains continued to use the line until the 1970s. On January 4, 1993, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Old Mount Dora A. C. L. Railroad Station  is a historic Atlantic Coast Line Railroad  depot in Mount Dora, Florida. It is located at 341 North Alexander Street. It was built by ACL in 1915, replacing an earlier depot built in 1895 when the line was part of the Plant System. The station&#39;s design, which includes elements of the Queen Anne and Romanesque Revival styles, is similar to other ACL stations of the era. The line was mainly used to ship citrus fruit and other agricultural products, though its passenger trains also brought tourists to the city. Passenger service ended in 1949, and the Mount Dora Chamber of Commerce bought the station in 1981. On March 5, 1992, the station was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Station was an Atlantic Coast Line Railroad station in Lake Wales, Florida. On August 31, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The building is now used by the Lake Wales History Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built as a passenger station by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and R.W. Burrows Construction Company in 1928 at an approximate cost of $51,000. Replacing service at the original depot, the new location was chosen to relieve traffic congestion in the downtown area. A freight room and loading platform were added in 1938.</p><br>
<p>Passenger service to Lake Wales ceased in 1954.The station continued to handle freight, which had provided the bulk of its cargo since the 1930s, until 1974 when freight service shifted to the West Lake Wales station, and trains no longer stopped at the Lake Wales depot.</p><br>
<h3>Conversion to Museum</h3><br>
<p>Spearheaded by the Bicentennial Commission, efforts began in 1974 to convert the empty building into a museum and cultural arts center for the citizens of Lake Wales. In 1976, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Station opened as the Lake Wales Depot Museum. Now named the Lake Wales History Museum, the museum is operated by the Lake Wales History Museum, Inc. with the support of the City of Lake Wales. A model railroad layout is one of the exhibits on display.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The one-story masonry building exhibits elements of the Mediterranean Revival Style that characterized architectural design in Florida during the 1920s. The building was constructed of hollow tile, its exterior walls covered with smooth stucco, and its hip roof with boxed eaves and barrel tile surfacing. A brick chimney with an arched hood projects from the center of the roof ridge. Cross-gable extensions with curvilinear parapet ends extend from the east and west sides. The east side gable extension has a round arch entrance with a fanlight, which leads into the waiting room. The west side extension has a pair of round-arch double-hung sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the building retains its original appearance, altered only by the addition of a freight room in 1938. Some interior modifications occurred during the station&#39;s conversion to a museum in the mid-1970s. The original ticket window may still be found in place on the east wall of the passenger waiting room. The freight room located in the rear section of the building has suffered little alteration. Notable features of the freight room include the original Y-bracket support columns, exposed ceiling beams, and plank flooring.</p><br>
<p>The Old Dundee ACL Railroad Depot is a historic Atlantic Coast Line Railroad depot in Dundee, Florida. It is located at 103 Main Street. On July 30, 2001, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Dundee Depot Museum is located in the historic depot. In 2009, the museum was renamed the Margaret Kampsen Historic Dundee Depot Museum. The museum houses items of local and railroad history.</p><br>
<p>The Apopka Seaboard Air Line Railway Depot is a historic Seaboard Air Line Railroad depot in Apopka, Florida, United States. It is located at 36 East Station Street. The station was built in 1918 to serve a line originally used by the Tavares, Orlando, and Atlantic Railroad in 1885. On March 15, 1993, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. In 2010, a proposal was made to relocate the depot.</p><br>
<p>The Hialeah Seaboard Air Line Railway Station is a historic Seaboard Air Line Railroad depot in Hialeah, Florida. It is located at 1200 Southeast 10th Court.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1926, the station is essentially identical to the Naples Seaboard station on the southwest coast of Florida. Architects Harvey and Clarke, who also designed many other Seaboard Air Line stations of the period, designed the Mediterranean Revival station. It was served by, among other Seaboard trains, the Orange Blossom Special until 1953, and the Silver Meteor beginning in 1939. Passenger service to the station ended in 1972. On July 14, 1995, the station was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority began Tri-Rail commuter rail service to the station, adding a bus shelter style structure immediately to the south, which it calls the Hialeah Market station.</p><br>
<p>The Naples Seaboard Air Line Railway Station  is a historic Seaboard Air Line Railway depot in Naples, Florida. It is located at 1051 5th Avenue, South.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The depot was constructed in 1927, when the Seaboard Air Line Railroad (via its Seaboard-All Florida Railway subsidiary) constructed its line to Naples. It was designed in the same Mediterranean Revival style the Seaboard Air Line used with its stations in Delray Beach, Deerfield Beach, Hialeah, and Homestead on the southeast coast of Florida (which were built around the same time), and is virtually identical to the Hialeah depot. The station only briefly saw Seaboard Air Line passenger service in the late 1920s before the railroad reduced its line to Naples to freight service only in 1933. Seaboard ended freight service in the 1940s. During World War II, the depot was also home to USO shows for troops stationed at the nearby Naples airfield.</p><br>
<p>By 1944, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bought both the depot and the Seaboard tracks to Naples after Seaboard discontinued service. The Atlantic Coast Line connected the former Seaboard track to their Fort Myers Southern Branch near Vanderbilt Beach, and resumed passenger service to the depot after an eleven-year absence. This makes it only one of the few railroad depots to have been operated by both the Atlantic Coast Line and the Seaboard Air Line independently prior to their merger. The Atlantic Coast Line&#39;s previous depot in Naples was located at the northeast corner of Radio Road and Airport-Pulling Road near Naples Airport, which was then closed and eventually demolished in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Ironically, the Seaboard brand returned to the depot in 1967 when the Atlantic Coast Line merged with the Seaboard Air Line which became the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. Passenger service ended in 1971 when national passenger rail was taken over by Amtrak. On September 10, 1974, the depot was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Freight service was halted for good in the late 1970s, and the adjacent tracks were removed in 1980 (the remaining line from this point north is still in place and is now owned by Seminole Gulf Railway).</p><br>
<h2>Naples Depot Museum</h2><br>
<p>The station has since been fully restored by the Collier County Museums, and is now operated as the Naples Depot Museum. Exhibits focus on the history of transportation and trade in Southwest Florida. Displays include railroads, Seminole dugout canoes, a mule wagon and an antique swamp buggy. Vintage railcars are also on display outside of the building. In another part of the building is a Lionel Train Museum which is dedicated to model trains. A miniature railway also runs around the perimeter of the property.</p><br>
<p>Harrisburg State Hospital, formerly known from 1851 to 1937 as Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was Pennsylvania&#39;s first public facility to house the mentally ill and disabled. Its campus is located on Cameron St. and Arsenal Blvd, and operated as a mental hospital until 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Harrisburg State Hospital was created as the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital and Union Asylum for the Insane in 1845 to provide care for mentally ill persons throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was the result of the successful lobbying efforts of 19th century social reformer, Dorothea Dix. A nine-member board of trustees was empowered to appoint a superintendent, purchase land, and construct facilities near Harrisburg. This board of trustees received no compensation for their work. In 1848, the name of the future hospital was changed to the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital when $50,000 was appropriated to begin construction. In 1851, construction of the Main Building designed by John Haviland was completed, which was initially the only building for the hospital, housing the administration, staff, and patients. It was designed following the Kirkbride Plan, which was a very popular building style during the late 19th century. The original capacity of the building was 250 patients, but was later expanded with the removal of dining rooms and the addition of the North and South Branch Buildings. Patients from all parts of the state would be accepted at the hospital, at the expense of the counties that they belonged; or, if able they would pay for themselves at a cost of $2.50 per week. This cost included board and medical attention.</p><br>
<p>A 130 acre farm was located adjacent to the hospital and provided work therapy for the patients and also enabled the hospital to be self-supporting, by growing its own food, and raising its own livestock. When the first patient was admitted on October 6, 1851, every poor district was charged a $2.00 weekly maintenance fee for the care of each indigent patient. The boarding charges for private patients were scheduled to vary between $3.00 and $10.00 based upon ability to pay. In 1869, the Board of Public Charities was created to inspect all public and voluntary charitable institutions in the Commonwealth and to report to the legislature with recommendations concerning their operation. For four decades this unpaid Board and its small staff had no authority to correct the conditions it found within state institutions. Nonetheless, by persuasion and publicity they were able to improve the quality of care in public institutions. A major objective was the removal of the insane from almshouses to the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital and other state hospitals. A Committee on Lunacy was created within the Board of Public Charities in 1883 to oversee the operations of these mental institutions.</p><br>
<p>The early 20th century was a time of extensive change for Harrisburg State Hospital. The Main Building had become outdated and was in need of replacement. Between the years 1893 and 1912, the hospital was rebuilt following the "Cottage Plan", which became popular at the beginning of the 20th century. At its peak, the hospital consumed over 1,000 acre and included more than 70 buildings. Designed and constructed by Pennsylvania architects Addison Hutton and John A. Dempwolf, the campus and buildings were meant to represent an Italianate window. The buildings on the male and female sides of the campus mirrored each other until the addition of new buildings in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, the name of the hospital was changed to the Harrisburg State Hospital. Also that year, the Board of Public Charities was abolished and the Department of Public Welfare was created to administer all state hospitals. With the completion of the new "Cottage Plan" buildings, the hospital had grown considerably larger. Its patient capacity was 2,019, but at one time it held as many as 2,441 with 437 on parole. The hospital was self-sufficient, with its own farm, power plant, and stores; it became known as the "City on the Hill". During wartime there was a 50% shortage of attendants, at the lowest level of employment there were as few as one nurse to 166 patients. In June 1945, only 26 of the 92 authorized positions on the male side were filled. The manpower shortage resulted in widespread curtailment of services to both the public and patients.</p><br>
<p>Up until 1955, certain administrative responsibilities, such as the selection of the hospital Superintendent and the enactment of rules and regulations governing the hospital were vested in the Board of Trustees of the Harrisburg State Hospital. In 1955 an amendment to the Administrative Code authorized the Department of Public Welfare to assume administrative responsibilities for the Harrisburg State Hospital, relegating its Board of Trustees to specific advisory duties. This act also provided for the appointment of a Commissioner of Mental Health in the Department of Public Welfare who assumed overall responsibility for Pennsylvania&#39;s mental health program.</p><br>
<p>Like other institutions, Harrisburg State Hospital&#39;s patient population began to fall in the late 20th century. This was due to new medicines being developed and finally deinstitutionalization. The hospital was finally closed on January 27, 2006. Currently, the hospital sits on a 295 acre campus with stately buildings in a country setting, in Dauphin County, with a majority of its campus in Susquehanna Township. There are over fifty buildings still located on the campus. The former hospital facility now provides office and storage space for many state agencies. In 2017, the appraised worth of the campus was $2 Million. As of 2019, the campus cost $5 Million annually to maintain, and is up for sale to developers.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Harrisburg State Hospital building is set to be demolished after being destroyed in a fire in December 2024.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Edith May (pseudonym of Anne Drinker; 1827–1903), American poet</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>The TV series Ghost Lab filmed an episode at the hospital which aired in the Fall of 2010 during the second season on the Discovery Channel.</p><br>
<p>The TV series Ghost Nation filmed 2 episodes at the hospital which aired February 20 and 27, 2021 on the Discovery+ streaming service. Season 2: Episodes 19 and 20.</p><br>
<p>The film Another Harvest Moon was filmed at the hospital and was released on August 7, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The film Girl, Interrupted was filmed at the hospital as well as other various locations in and around Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The hospital settings were meant to resemble those of the grounds of McLean Hospital in Massachusetts. (Note: The Administration signs hanging in the car port of the Administration Building are not original to the hospital, they were created for the movie and the hospital staff left them up after the shooting was complete.)</p><br>
<p>The House of Refuge at Gilberts Bar, also known as Gilberts Bar House of Refuge, the House of Refuge Museum, or simply the House of Refuge, is a historic building located at 301 S.E. MacArthur Boulevard, on Hutchinson Island east of Stuart, Florida. It is the oldest surviving building in Martin County.</p><br>
<p>This House of Refuge is the last remaining of the original dozen shipwreck life-saving stations on Floridas Atlantic Coast operated by the United States Life-Saving Service, one of the predecessor agencies to the United States Coast Guard. Built in 1876 to help stranded sailors, its long colorful history spans nearly 70 years. Today it is owned by the Martin County government and leased to the Martin County Historical Society, which operates it as a museum exhibiting life-saving equipment used over the years and showcasing the keepers quarters. On May 3, 1974, the House of Refuge was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>House of Refuge at Gilbert&#39;s Bar</p><br>
<p>(added 1974 - Building - #74000651)</p><br>
<p>Also known as Gilbert&#39;s Bar House of Refuge</p><br>
<p>North of Bathtub Beach on Hutchinson Island east of Stuart, Florida, Stuart</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Social History</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1875-1899</p><br>
<p>Owner: Local Gov&#39;t</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Domestic, Government</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Hotel, Public Works</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Museum, Research Facility</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The House of Refuge is located at Gilbert&#39;s Bar (also called "Saint Lucie Rocks"), two miles north of what is now the St. Lucie Inlet on the coastal rocks of the Anastasia Formation, one of the most prominent geologic outcroppings along the entire Eastern seaboard. The house was one of ten houses of refuge commissioned by the USA Treasury Department for the United States Life-Saving Service as havens for shipwrecked sailors and travelers along the barren east coast of Florida. It is the only one that remains today.</p><br>
<p>On March 19, 1875, William H. Hunt of Dade County granted the USA Secretary of the Treasury a lien of 20 years for the piece of land at Saint Lucie Rocks known as Gilbert&#39;s Bar as a site for a house of refuge on the sea coast. According to the 1879 "Annual Report of the Life Saving Service" these houses of refuge along the east coast of Florida "contemplate no other life saving operations than affording succor to shipwrecked persons who may be cast ashore, and who, in the absence of such means of relief, would be liable to perish from hunger and thirst in that desolate region. Crews of surfmen are not needed here, but the keepers and members of their families are required to go along the beach, in both directions, in search of castaways immediately after a storm."</p><br>
<p>It offered shelter to the survivors of the Georges Valentine shipwreck in 1904. Captain William E. Rea was the Keeper of the House of Refuge at the time and aided the seven survivors. On October 17, during the same storm the Spanish ship Cosme Calzado wrecked three miles north of the Georges Valentine, but fifteen of the sixteen men survived. The surviving crew joined the survivors of the Georges Valentine at the House of Refuge. The men later returned home via Jacksonville, Florida except for one: Edward Sarkenglov remained and became a local fisherman. Captain Rea and his wife lived in the House of Refuge until May 1907.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, the House of Refuge became USA Coast Guard Station #207 when the USA Life-Saving Service was combined with the USA Revenue Cutter Service to form the modern USA Coast Guard. The keeper, Axel Johansen, and his wife, Kate, continued to serve at the refuge; the title of his position was changed from "Keeper" to "Surfman #1." Four other men were stationed at the house, and during World War I the post of five was supplemented by local youths belonging to the Home Guard.</p><br>
<p>The facility also served as a lookout for enemy submarines in World War II. It was saved by the Historical Society of Martin County in 1955, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Museum exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The House of Refuge provides a look at turn of the 20th century living along the coast. Areas available for public viewing are the boathouse, kitchen, dining room, parlor, bedroom and a lookout tower constructed during World War II. New exhibit space includes a timeline of Hutchinson Island dating from 2000 BC to the hurricanes of 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Lyric Theatre is a historic theater located at 59 Southwest Flagler Avenue in downtown Stuart, Florida. The building fronts on its north side on Southwest Osceola Street. Built to serve as a movie house, it is now used primarily as a stage and music venue. Additions were made on the west side to provide back stage space for these new uses. The additions also face on both streets. On November 12, 1993, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Bottorff–McCulloch Farm is a historic home and farm located in Charlestown Township, Clark County, Indiana. The farmhouse was built about 1835, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style brick dwelling. It has a gable roof and sits on a coursed stone foundation. It features a one-story portico. Also on the property are the contributing summer kitchen, two English barns, a three-portal barn, two silos, and a milk house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Ferguson House is a historic home located in the southwest of Charlestown, Indiana. It was built by Ferguson in 1816, and is a two-story, Federal style brick dwelling with a one-story rear wing. Also on the property is a contributing shed with fruit cellar and the original well.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Ferguson was an attorney living in Clark County, Indiana, at the time of Indianas statehood in 1816. In 1824 he became an associate justice of the Clark Circuit Court. He was nominated for the position of state senator in 1838 by those who did not want Clark Countys county seat to be moved to Jeffersonville, Indiana, from Charlestown. Ferguson lost, but the county seat remained in Charlestown for the next 40 years, as the Indiana state legislature did not want to change it.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Downs House is a historic home located just east of Charlestown, Indianas town square. It was built about 1809 and is a two-story, four-bay, Federal style brick dwelling. It has a gable roof, sits on a stone foundation, and has a one-story rear ell. Thomas Downs was a politician from Charlestown that was Clark Countys first county treasurer. He would later serve as an Indiana Territory legislator. It is owned by the Clark&#39;s Grant Historical Society, who has a museum there but offers tours by reservation only.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Watson House, also known as the Coombs House, is a historic home located just east of Charlestown, Indiana&#39;s town square. It was built about 1900, and is a two-story, rectangular frame dwelling with Queen Anne and Colonial Revival style design elements. It features a full-width front porch supported by slender columns. Originally located on the site was the James Bigger-built Green Tree Tavern , where Jonathan Jennings, the first governor of Indiana, was given an Inaugural Ball in 1816.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Cold Spring Presbyterian Church is a Presbyterian church in Cold Spring, New Jersey, founded in 1714.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The historic two-story red brick building located at 780 Seashore Road in the Cold Spring section of Lower Township, in Cape May County, New Jersey. The current church building, known as "Old Brick", was constructed in 1823 by Thomas H. Hughes, who was also the architect of Congress Hall in Cape May, New Jersey. This red brick building replaced a frame and shingle church erected in 1764, which itself replaced a 1714 log meetinghouse., reprinted in "The First Resort," Ben Miller, Exit Zero Publishing, 2009, Cape May, New Jersey. The church&#39;s cemetery, Cold Spring Presbyterian Cemetery, is the site of a 1742 grave (that of Sarah Eldridge Spicer) and of the most Mayflower descendants anywhere outside Massachusetts. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 14, 1991, for its significance in settlement, architecture, religion, and government.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1714. The first regular pastor was John Bradner, who served from 1715 until 1721. Hughston Hughes was pastor for one year, starting in 1726, before being dismissed for "his too free use of intoxicating drinks."</p><br>
<p>Samuel Finley was pastor for several years. Finley, who was a graduate of the Log College, later became president of the College of New Jersey, the predecessor of Princeton University. Another Log College graduate, Daniel Lawrence, was pastor from 1752 until his death in 1766. His tombstone in the adjacent graveyard was inscribed</p><br>
<p>The two hundredth anniversary of the church was celebrated on August 16, 1914. President Woodrow Wilson sent a congratulatory letter.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>T. Millet Hand (1902–1956), represented New Jersey&#39;s 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 to 1957.</p><br>
<p>J. Thompson Baker (1847–1919), represented New Jersey&#39;s 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1913 to 1915.</p><br>
<p>Thomas H. Hughes (1769–1839), represented New Jersey&#39;s at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1829 to 1833.</p><br>
<p>Charles W. Sandman Jr. (1921–1985), represented New Jersey&#39;s 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1913 to 1915.</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Richard Wickes (died June 29, 1776) American Revolutionary War, mortally wounded at the Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet.</p><br>
<p>The Portage Canal was built to connect the Fox River and Wisconsin River at Portage, Wisconsin along the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway. For a time, it completed a route from the north Atlantic Ocean, through the St. Lawrence Seaway and down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, and back to the Atlantic.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Numerous attempts were made to build the thin Wisconsin-Fox connection through the marshy land, beginning in 1837 with the formation of the Portage Canal Company. Digging and hauling by hand through two and a half miles of muddy terrain, the project was quickly abandoned. A second project, started in 1849, managed to cut a path usable by canoe, but not viable for commerce. The final project, complete with locks to raise the water level of the Fox to that of the Wisconsin&#39;s, was not completed until 1876 by the Army Corps of Engineers. Unfortunately, by then, the railroads were quick on their way, followed soon thereafter by the automobile.</p><br>
<p>The Portage Canal acquired a new steel gate and concrete lock in 1926 due to a rupture of the 1876 wooden gate and the quoin post of the west gate of the lock in April 1926. A local contractor, M.E. White Company of Chicago, was awarded the bid in August 1926. The firm completed the repairs of the lock and replaced the 1876 wooden gate under the supervision of the USA Army Corps of Engineers in Milwaukee. The 1926 Portage Canal Lock was the first steel and concrete lock on the Fox River. The subcontractor for the steel gate was the Lakeside Bridge and Steel Company of Wisconsin. During the re-construction process, the Engineers were faced with containing underground springs beneath the lock, which caused considerable delays. The White Construction Co. repaired the fallen wall and dismantled the remaining wall of the lock, which were re-laid and constructed according to the original configurations of the 1876 construction. The White Construction Company used 9,000 barrels of Portland cement to build the locks. The canal lock and new gate were completed in May 1928.</p><br>
<p>The use of the canal as a major means of commerce lasted only a few decades, though pleasure craft, including steamboats, continued to ply the narrow waterway. In following years, the canal began to degrade through lack of upkeep. The canal was used until 1951 when the Fort Winnebago Lock was bulldozed in, and the Wisconsin River Locks were welded shut.</p><br>
<p>The canal has undergone a significant restoration project to clean up and restore the canal, revitalizing it as a community asset. Beginning in 2020 and continuing into 2021, the DNR, in collaboration with the City of Portage, removed 30,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment from the canal, addressing the legacy contamination from years of heavy industrial use, primarily heavy metals. Additionally, 1.3 million gallons of contaminated water were treated, seven storm sewers were extended to maintain stormwater management, and 40,000 tons of material were placed to construct the base for the foundation of an Ice Age Trail addition.</p><br>
<p>Continued efforts are being made to restore the remainder of the canal to its original condition, and the Portage Canal Society is actively working to raise funds and make further improvements to the canal.</p><br>
<p>Mullet Key is a historic island near Crystal River, Florida. It is located 3 miles south of the main mouth of the Crystal River, and was inhabited by Native Americans in pre-Columbian times. The island was occupied from roughly 500 to 1500 and was inhabited by the Deptford and Safety Harbor cultures. Oyster shell middens have been found at the site. On July 3, 1986, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Mullet Key is referenced in the movie The Punisher.</p><br>
<p>The Crystal River Old City Hall is a historic building in Crystal River, Florida, in the United States. It is located at 532 North Citrus Avenue, off USA 19/98. On May 29, 1998, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building now houses the Coastal Heritage Museum, operated by the Citrus County Historical Society. Exhibits focus on the early history of the west side of Citrus County, Florida and include a 1929 diorama of downtown Citrus Avenue, a fish house facade, and an original jail cell. Admission is free.</p><br>
<p>The Grey Towers Castle is a building on the campus of Arcadia University in Glenside, Pennsylvania, which is located in Cheltenham Township, a suburb of Philadelphia, United States. The castle was designed by Horace Trumbauer and built starting in 1893 on the estate of William Welsh Harrison.</p><br>
<p>The university (then known as Beaver College and located in nearby Jenkintown) purchased the estate in 1929 for $712,500, equal to $ today. Classes were split between the two locations until 1962, when the school moved all of its operations to the Glenside area. The castle was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1881, William Welsh Harrison, co-owner of the Franklin Sugar Refinery, purchased Rosedale Hall from J. Thomas Audenreid. By 1891, Harrison had expanded his estate to 138 acre and decided to expand the house and add a gate house and more adequate stables. He employed the skills of 23-year-old architect Horace Trumbauer, who completed the stables and gate house in 1892.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, the main house of Rosedale Hall burned to the ground in a raging fire, during which the Harrison family fled to the stables for safety. Afterward, the family moved into the gatehouse, while Trumbauer was again employed to build a new home on the site. By March 1893, Trumbauer presented Harrison with plans for a grandiose mansion, inspired by Alnwick Castle, the medieval seat of the Dukes of Northumberland. The new house would include all the most modern conveniences of the time, and the cost was estimated at $250,000, equal to $ today. Work was underway by the end of 1893. The construction took five years.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Grey Towers Castle is designed in a highly eclectic yet elegant fashion, taking inspiration from a variety of styles, periods, and buildings. The house is built of grey stone quarried at nearby Chestnut Hill, and Indiana limestone is used for exterior door and window trim, and other elements, such as the various gargoyles.</p><br>
<p>The interiors of the castle reflect various French styles ranging from Renaissance through Louis XV. The massive twin mantles in the Great Hall are interpretations of a Renaissance mantle in the Salle des Gardes, in the Francis I wing of Château de Blois. The Library, now the President&#39;s office, and the Dining room, both on the south side of the Great Hall, contain many elements reminiscent of French Renaissance decoration. The walnut cabinetry and plaster friezes in the Library and the columns and caryatids and strapwork ceiling in the Dining room are inspired by interiors of the Château de Fontainebleau.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the Great Hall lay the Mirror Room and the Drawing Room, now known as the Rose Room. It is thought that the entirety of the Mirror Room was ordered at the New York office of a French firm, then crafted in France and shipped to Glenside, along with workers, to be installed. The ceiling was painted by François Lafon, and depicts the four seasons as women, accompanied by cupids, with the path of the Zodiac behind them.</p><br>
<p>In the Great Hall, which rises three stories to a grand barrel vaulted and gilded ceiling, the Grand Staircase leads to a large landing, which contains the Music Room. The ceiling was originally painted in a Renaissance style, but all that remains is the painting in the spaces of the archway, through which the room is accessed. Above the wainscoting of the Music Room, large tapestries depict Euterpe, the Muse of Music. All the tapestries in Grey Towers were provided by William Baumgarten & Co, Inc. of New York City. On each floor there is a balcony which rings the Great Hall, and tapestries line all of these spaces.</p><br>
<p>Upon completion, Grey Towers was one of the largest homes in the country, with forty rooms. The eclectic and grandiose style attracted attention to the young Horace Trumbauer, who began a successful career, which included the construction of the Philadelphia Museum of Art and many other houses and buildings in the Philadelphia area.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>William Welsh Harrison died in 1927, and in 1929 Beaver College (now Arcadia University), then located in Jenkintown, purchased the estate from his widow for $712,500. Classes were split between the two locations until 1962, when the college moved permanently to the Grey Towers property. The castle currently houses the Offices of Admissions, Enrollment Management, and Financial Aid, and the office of the president. The vast bedrooms on the second and third floors are used as housing for students.</p><br>
<p>The castle, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985, is much-loved by the students and staff of the university. The student group "Society for Castle Restoration" is dedicated to preserving the landmark and its history.</p><br>
<p>There are many stories and myths surrounding the building and the Harrison family. According to legend, Mr. Harrison and his wife did not get along well and eventually each lived in separate areas of the house. Mr. Harrison was thought to have had relations with many different male servants. In one of the third-floor bedrooms, a mirror above the fireplace mantle had to be replaced because of a large crack. Yet, when it is replaced it cracks soon afterward.</p><br>
<p>The castle is also rumored to have been built entirely without the use of nails. There is a series of tunnels connecting the main home to the former powerhouse of the estate, now Spruance Hall. These Castle-Spruance Hall tunnels became obstructed in 2010 during construction of a new commons. There remains one tunnel between the stables (Murphy) and the powerhouse (Spruance Hall).</p><br>
<h2>Historic buildings on the estate</h2><br>
<p>From the time that the castle was built, there have been other buildings on the estate. These historic buildings (the ones that existed before Beaver College purchased the estate) that are still standing include Murphy Hall (previously the stables on the Harrison Estate), Blankley Hall (previously Blake Hall, so named by Beaver College, and the gatehouse on the Harrison Estate) and Spruance Hall (previously the engineer&#39;s building on the Harrison Estate).</p><br>
<p>Murphy Hall was once the stables, where the Harrison family kept their horses. After the initial purchase of the land by Beaver College, science labs were put in this building as well as a chapel in which the chorus sang. Murphy Memorial Hall was presented by Jane M. Murphy in memory of her husband William M. Murphy in 1929. At the time an organ was also donated and installed in chapel. The organ is now gone as it was damaged during renovations to the building in the 1980s. The building also included a gymnasium with a shooting range for the school&#39;s rifle team. Over the years, metalworking and ceramics studios were added, the gymnasium was removed and the science labs were moved elsewhere on campus. Currently, music and art classes are taught in Murphy Hall.</p><br>
<p>Blankley Hall was originally known as the gatehouse, where guests were greeted before taking the path (now the Alumni Walk of Pride) up to the Harrisons castle. After Beaver College purchased the estate, it was briefly used as student housing, and then as office space for university employees. It was named Blake Hall for a time, before being renamed Blankley Hall in 2005 in honor of one of Arcadias alumni. It is currently the location of Arcadia&#39;s Alumni Relations office.</p><br>
<p>Spruance Hall was used as a maintenance building for the Harrison estate. It was known as the engineers building, and there were many tunnels leading from this building to other places on the estate. Its most notable feature is a large smokestack. After Beaver College purchased the estate, the building was used for fashion and art classes. The building currently houses Arcadia Universitys theater, as well as an art studio and painting classroom.</p><br>
